# Background
马拉松跑的技术大致和长跑技术相似。由于它的距离长，并且是在地形不一的公路上进行，因此在技术上有其独有特点。在跑步时，上体微向前倾或正直。后蹬的力量较小，大腿向前上方的摆动比较低。
从外形上看，蹬地后小腿向上摆的动作比长跑小些。脚的落点离身体重心投影点较近，并且用全脚掌或脚的外侧先着地，再过渡到全脚掌，着地时应柔和而有弹性，脚应很好地弯曲、缓冲。
但目前对马拉松赛跑的成绩与跑步技术动作的科学研究偏少，很大程度上阻碍了该项运动的发展，因此，探索马拉松运动跑步动作技术的最有效方法对普及与提高我国马拉松运动的发展具有重要的意义。
Abstract：Running economy (RE) has a strong relationship with running performance, and modifiable running biomechanics are a determining factor of RE. The purposes of this review were to (1) examine the intrinsic and extrinsic modifiable biomechanical factors affecting RE; (2) assess training-induced changes in RE and running biomechanics; (3) evaluate whether an economical running technique can be recommended and; (4) discuss potential areas for future research. Based on current evidence, the intrinsic factors that appeared beneficial for RE were using a preferred stride length range, which allows for stride length deviations up to 3 % shorter than preferred stride length; lower vertical oscillation; greater leg stiffness; low lower limb moment of inertia; less leg extension at toe-off; larger stride angles; alignment of the ground reaction force and leg axis during propulsion; maintaining arm swing; low thigh antagonist–agonist muscular coactivation; and low activation of lower limb muscles during propulsion.
Extrinsic factors associated with a better RE were a firm, compliant shoe–surface interaction and being barefoot or wearing lightweight shoes. Several other modifiable biomechanical factors presented inconsistent relationships with RE. Running biomechanics during ground contact appeared to play an important role, specifically those during propulsion. Therefore, this phase has the strongest direct links with RE. Recurring methodological problems exist within the literature, such as cross-comparisons, assessing variables in isolation, and acute to short-term interventions. Therefore, recommending a general economical running technique should be approached with caution. Future work should focus on interdisciplinary longitudinal investigations combining RE, kinematics, kinetics, and neuromuscular and anatomical aspects, as well as applying a synergistic approach to understanding the role of kinetics.
摘要:
跑步经济性（RE）与跑步成绩有着密切的关系，而可改变的跑步生物力学又是决定跑步成绩的决定性因素。本综述的目的是（1）检查影响生物力学的内在和外在的可改变的生物力学因素；（2）评估训练引起的RE和跑步生物力学的变化；（3）评估一种经济的跑步技术是否可以。建议和（4）讨论未来研究的潜在领域。根据现有的证据，对RE有利的内在因素是使用一个优选的步长范围。步幅长度偏差比步行长度短3%；低垂直振动；腿部更大的刚度；下肢低转动惯量；脚尖伸展时腿部伸展较少；洛杉矶大跨步的角；地面反力和腿在推进轴对齐；保持摆臂；大腿肌肉共同作用的–激动剂拮抗剂低；和下肢M低活化她的肌肉在推进。
与一个更好的RE相关的外在因素是一个坚定的，兼容的鞋-表面互动，赤脚或穿轻鞋。几个其他的生物力学因素再不一致的关系。在地面接触的运行生物力学似乎起着重要的作用，特别是在推进过程中。因此，这一阶段具有最强的直接与RE的链接。文献中存在反复出现的方法学问题，如交叉比较、孤立评估变量和急性至短期干预。因此，recommendin一般经济运行技术应谨慎处理。今后的工作重点应放在跨学科的纵向调查研究，结合运动学、动力学，并重新neuromuscu在解剖学和解剖学方面，以及应用协同的方法来理解动力学的作用。
